Seaborgium

Element 106 was discovered almost simultaneously by two different laboratories. In June 1974, an American research team led by Albert Ghiorso at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley reported creating an isotope with mass number 263, four free neutrons and a half-life of 1.0 second by bombarding atoms of ²⁴⁹Californium with ions of ¹⁸Oxygen using a machine called the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator.

In September 1974, a Soviet team led by G.N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia reported producing an isotope with mass number 259 and a half-life of 0.48 seconds. Their method involved bombarding atoms of ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb with ions of ⁵⁴Cr with a device called a cyclotron.

Because their work was independently confirmed first, the Americans suggested the name seaborgium to honor the American chemist Glenn T. Seaborg credited as a member of the American team along with Ghiorso, J.M. Nitschke, J.R. Alonso, C.T. Alonso, M. Nurmia, E. Kenneth Hulet, and R.W. Lougheed in recognition of his participation in the discovery of several other actinides. The name selected by the team became controversial. An international committee decided in 1992 that the Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery.

An element naming controversy erupted and as a result IUPAC adopted unnilhexium, symbol Unh) as a temporary, systematic element name. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 106 be named rutherfordium and adopted a rule that no element can be named after a living person. This ruling was fiercely objected to by the American Chemical Society. Critics pointed out that a precedent had been set in the naming of einstenium during Albert Einstein's life. In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name seaborgium for element 106 was recognized internationally.

There are 16 known isotopes of Seaborgium, the longest-lived of which is ²⁷¹Sg which decays through alpha decay and spontaneous fission. It has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. The shortest-lived isotope is ²⁵⁸Sg which also decays through alpha decay and spontaneous fission. It has a half-life of 2.9 ms.

Seaborgium's isotope Seaborgium-266, has a half-life of about 21 seconds. It decays into Rutherfordium-262 through alpha decay or decays through spontaneous fission..

Isotope	Atomic Mass	Half-Life
²⁵⁸Sg	258.11317	2.9 ms
²⁵⁹Sg	259.11450	580 ms
²⁶⁰Sg	260.11442	3.8 ms
²⁶¹Sg	261.11612	230 ms
²⁶²Sg	262.1164	8 ms
²⁶³Sg	263.11832	1.0 seconds
²⁶⁴Sg	264.11893	~0.4 seconds
²⁶⁵Sg	265.12111	8 seconds
²⁶⁶Sg	266.12207	21 seconds
²⁶⁷Sg	267.12443	19 ms
²⁶⁸Sg	268.12561	~30 seconds
²⁶⁹Sg	269.12876	35 seconds
²⁷⁰Sg	270.13033	~10 minutes
²⁷¹Sg	271.13347	2.4 minutes
²⁷²Sg	272.13516	~1 hours
²⁷³Sg	273.13822	~1 minutes

Seaborgium Data

Atomic Structure

Atomic Radius:
Atomic Volume:
Covalent Radius:
Cross Section: (Thermal Neutron Capture) Barns:
Crystal Structure:
Electron Configuration:

1s² 2s²p⁶ 3s²p⁶d¹⁰ 4s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹⁴ 5s²p⁶d¹⁰f¹⁴ 6s²p⁶d⁴ 7s²
Electrons per Energy Level: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2
Ionic Radius:
Filling Orbital:
Number of Electrons (with no charge): 106
Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 157
Number of Protons: 106
Oxidation States:
Valence Electrons:

Chemical Properties

Electrochemical Equivalent:
Electron Work Function:
Electronegativity: N/A (Pauling); N/A (Allrod Rochow)
Heat of Fusion: kJ/mol
Incompatibilities:
Ionization Potential
- First:
Valence Electron Potential (-eV):

Physical Properties

Atomic Mass Average: 263
Boiling Point:
Coefficient of Lineal Thermal Expansion/K^-1: N/A
Conductivity

Electrical:
Thermal:
Description:

Man made radioactive element that does not occur in nature.
Flammablity Class:
Freezing Point: see melting point
Heat of Vaporization: kJ/mol
Melting Point:
Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm):
Specific Heat:

Regulatory / Health

CAS Number
- 54038-81-2
NFPA 704
- Health:
- Fire:
- Reactivity:
- Special Hazard: Radioactive<
- OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
  - No limits set by OSHA
- OSHA PEL Vacated 1989
  - No limits set by OSHA
- NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
  - No limits set by NIOSH
- Levels In Humans:
  Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.
  - Blood/mg dm^-3: n/a
  - Bone/p.p.m: n/a
  - Liver/p.p.m: n/a
  - Muscle/p.p.m: n/a
  - Daily Dietary Intake: n/a
  - Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: n/a
Who / Where / When / How
- Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, et al workers of the Lawrence Berkeley and Livermore Laboratories
- Discovery Location: Lawrence Berkeley Laborator
- Discovery Year: 1974
- Name Origin:
  
  Named for Glenn T. Seaborg, an American nuclear chemist and winner of a Nobel prize.
- Abundance:
  - Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: N/A
  - Seawater/p.p.m.: nil
  - Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A
  - Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): N/A
- Sources:
  
  Synthetically produced by bombarding Cf-249 with O-18 or CM-248 with Ne-22. Very few atoms have ever been produced.
- Uses:
  
  It is of research interest only.
- Additional Notes:
  
  In August of 1997 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry announced the official naming of this element as Seaborgium

Transition Metals
Group	3 (IIIB)	4 (IVB)	5 (VB)	6 (VIB)	7 (VIIB)	8 (VIIIB)	9 (VIIIB)	10 (VIIIB)	11 (IB)	12 (IIB)
Period 4	21 Sc 44.95	22 Ti 47.86	23 V 50.94	24 Cr 51.99	25 Mn 54.93	26 Fe 55.84	27 Co 58.93	28 Ni 58.69	29 Cu 63.54	30 Zn 65.39
Period 5	39 Y 88.90	40 Zr 91.22	41 Nb 92.90	42 Mo 95.94	43 Tc 98.00	44 Ru 101.0	45 Rh 102.9	46 Pd 106.4	47 Ag 107.8	48 Cd 112.4
Period 6	57 La 138.9	72 Hf 178.4	73 Ta 180.9	74 W 183.8	75 Re 186.2	76 Os 190.2	77 Ir 192.2	78 Pt 195.0	79 Au 196.9	80 Hg 200.5
Period 7	89 Ac 227.0	104 Rf 261.0	105 Db 262.0	106 Sg 266.0	107 Bh 264.0	108 Hs 269.0	109 Mt 268.0	110 Ds 269.0	111 Rg 272.0	112 Uub 277.0

1s²
2s²	2p⁶
3s²	3p⁶	3d¹⁰
4s²	4p⁶	4d¹⁰	4f¹⁴
5s²	5p⁶	5d¹⁰	5f¹⁴
6s²	6p⁶	6d⁴
7s²